Counseling Free Essays

Hi! My name is Clement Benedicts Running or in short you can call me Clement. Lenient originates from Latin, which I have ensured straightforwardly from my folks, and has the significance of gentle, great, and forgiving. Benedicts originates from Benedict and has a setting of being honored. We will compose a custom exposition test on Directing or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now While Running is my family name. In the feeling of being Curious of where my name originated from or even idea of by my folks, I asked my mom once on for what valid reason she named me Clement Benedicts. My most established sisters name is Calamine Beatrice, the second being Scholars Benedicts, and quiet, to make It rhyme, my mother thought of the name Clement Benedicts. What's more, indeed, we all have the Initial of CB, which Is extremely lovable. My nation of origin Is In Indonesia, an archipelago In south east of Asia. The one thing I’m In adoration with my nation of origin Is Its conventional food; the assorted variety and assortment of the taste helped me to remember what home resembles. Severing, one of Indonesian customary food, was even casted a ballot and pronounced as the best food on the planet as indicated by Conn’s pick of delightful food. Indonesia, as I would see it, is the best spot for a light travel: the colorfulness of road food will overwhelm your psyche. The one thing I likewise love about my house is nation is that it is where my families are; as a rule away a great many miles from my family has shocked me that family is everything and I ought to consistently love it any place I am. I picked lower region as a result of my friend’s suggestion. He said that the school is situated in the foot of a mountain and makes it extremely comfortable for him to examine. In affection with the climate of mountains, I concluded that lower region ought to be the best spot to analyze my investigation. I’m majoring at business organization right now since I like to concentrate how partnerships or firms do their things and how they circle the economy. I need to move to University of Michigan, Ann Arbor to concentrate either business or economy; the explanation is that my sister is likewise there and Eve read that Ann Arbor is perhaps the best spot to be an understudy which I’m wanting to go there for my winter break. I don’t truly have a fantasy Job at the present time, however I do have a fantasy, that is to travel all ever the world and appreciate all that I see while meeting many individuals from various nations and furthermore various societies. Guiding By Clement-Running the feeling of being interested of where my name originated from or even idea of by my most established sister’s name is Calamine Beatrice, the second being Classics Benedicts, and therefore, to make it rhyme, my mother thought of the name Clement Benedicts. What's more, indeed, we all have the underlying of CB, which is extremely cute. My nation of origin is in Indonesia, an archipelago in south east of Asia. The one thing I’m in affection with my nation of origin is its customary food; the assorted variety and assortment of the taste helped me to remember what home resembles. Tearing, one of Indonesian conventional food, was even casted a ballot and pronounced as the best food on the planet concurring culinary travel; the outlandishness of road food will overwhelm your brain. The families are; in effect away a huge number of miles from my family has Jolted me that family I don’t truly have a fantasy Job at the present time, yet I do have a fantasy, that is to travel all The most effective method to refer to Counseling, Papers

Comparing and Contrasting Sky News with American Media Outlets Essay

Analyzing Sky News with American Media Outlets - Essay Example In spite of the fact that these two media houses fundamental goal is conveying news in different stages to the world, they likewise have various contrasts for example though Sky News typically centers around European news, a large portion of CBS news for the most part rotates around the US. Aside from examining the two media houses, the article will hand-off more data on Sky news and CBS as far as story inclusion and whether biasness exists in story among the media houses regarding inclusion and ads. Media houses for the most part assume a significant job in any country. It is on the grounds that the media that a country can undoubtedly administer its residents. It would have been such a troublesome particularly for a legislature if media houses didn't exist. This implies if the administration would experience a ton of difficulty in attempting to pass messages to its residents. Aside from facilitating correspondence between the legislature and its residents, media houses likewise assume a colossal job in advancement of business sectors and associations. For example, through media houses, a country can have the option to promote different perspectives, for example, the travel industry and business openings and this regularly results to increment of the economy because of ascend in the quantity of individuals visiting the country for business or the travel industry as publicized. The way that there are an enormous number of media houses all around is sufficient evidence that there is a great deal of rivalry for matchless quality. Thusly, for any media house to stand apart among the rest it is significant that it conveys the correct data, at the ideal time and to the correct gathering of individuals. This is on the grounds that high socioeconomics regularly empowers a media house overwhelm in the field consequently expanding the pace of speculation, which is brought about by various ads from different organization who approach the media house to promote their items or organizations. In the US, CBS is probably the greatest medium house and on account of this it gets numerous business openings that come particle type of commercial

How to Write an Essay for Medical School Admission

How to Write an Essay for Medical School Admission How to Write a Medical School Admission Essay When writing a medical school admission essay as a part of an application process, you have a unique chance to set yourself apart from other applicants and standout. But how to write an essay for medical school admission that can boost your competitiveness? In this article, we are going to discuss all the things you could do to increase your chances of acceptance and the things you should avoid. What is a medical school personal essay? The candidates have to write essays during the primary and secondary stages of the application process. These essays are little different because when completing a secondary application, you will have to answer specific questions. And primary application essay involves writing a personal statement that reveals your personality and explains why you would become a great doctor. As there is no prompt, your task is to write an essay that would explain why you want to study at med school. So it’s completely your decision what to include in your medical school essay, but the admission officer would want you to show passion for patients. Besides, they would like to see your potential to become a successful student and excel in your future career as a doctor. How to Succeed in Writing Best Medical School Essay You’ll have to make an effort to stand out from most of the other applicants who are likely to have similar backgrounds to yours, so you should go the extra mile to highlight your best skills, unique strengths, experiences, and interests. Here are 5 pointers that will help highlight your unique features that will persuade admissions board to choose you. Be honest when you evaluate your strengths and weaknesses Analyze your character and experience and decide what qualities you want to highlight. Be specific Most applicants have the same basic profile, so if you want to stand out, you should give specific instances that prove your unique qualities. Give the admission board convincing reasons to admit you You should emphasize positive things in your personal essay for medical school. Get outside advice Ask someone to read your draft and provide honest feedback. Keep in mind that good essays require a lot of revising and rewriting. You can write several drafts. Be picky Before submitting your essay, proofread it and make sure there are no grammar and spelling errors and sloppy writing. We have discussed what you should do to impress the admissions committee, but there are also plenty of things that you should avoid when writing your personal statement for medical school. Here are 5 of them. Don’t rewrite your resume into a personal essay. Admission officers do not want to see just a long list of your accomplishments and awards. But they do want specific details and engaging stories that will help them understand what kind of person you are and what kind of doctor you can become. Avoid using clichéd language Clichés will mean that you didn’t put enough original thoughts into your admission essay. Rely on simple words and say what you really mean. Don’t use jargon, clichés or empty expressions. Don’t write much about other people. Focus on you, your experiences and actions, although you can mention how other people have motivated or influenced you. Don’t make excuse. Don’t over-explain the negative things that might be in your personal profile â€" gaps in your resume, low grades or not enough volunteer involvement. Don’t be sloppy Grammar mistakes and typos can show the admissions committee that you don’t care much about the admission process. Don’t give them a reason to reject your essay. In addition to a personal statement, many med schools invite their applicants to describe a unique aspect of their profile when writing a medical school diversity essay. When writing a diversity essay for medical school, young people have a chance to present themselves in a way that sets them apart from other candidates and convince the admission officers that they will make a great addition to the next class. Diversity is much more than race, religion or sexual orientation. Any aspect of your experience or your character can be classified as unique and show that you have something special to contribute. So when answering the diversity question, you can use your life experience or your interests. Writing a strong admission essay is not an easy task. You have to be persuasive and ‘sell’ yourself in such a short piece of writing and at the same time, you should appear modest. Your essay should be well-written and cohesive and you need to get the right tone to be expressive. If you feel that you lack skills for writing a compelling and powerful personal essay, you can hire a professional writer at our custom essay writing service or you can use our medical school essay editing service. Our experienced editors will make necessary changes in the content and in the style and make your personal statement as strong as it can be.

How to Write an Essay for Medical School Admission

How to Write an Essay for Medical School Admission How to Write a Medical School Admission Essay When writing a medical school admission essay as a part of an application process, you have a unique chance to set yourself apart from other applicants and standout. But how to write an essay for medical school admission that can boost your competitiveness? In this article, we are going to discuss all the things you could do to increase your chances of acceptance and the things you should avoid. What is a medical school personal essay? The candidates have to write essays during the primary and secondary stages of the application process. These essays are little different because when completing a secondary application, you will have to answer specific questions. And primary application essay involves writing a personal statement that reveals your personality and explains why you would become a great doctor. As there is no prompt, your task is to write an essay that would explain why you want to study at med school. So it’s completely your decision what to include in your medical school essay, but the admission officer would want you to show passion for patients. Besides, they would like to see your potential to become a successful student and excel in your future career as a doctor. How to Succeed in Writing Best Medical School Essay You’ll have to make an effort to stand out from most of the other applicants who are likely to have similar backgrounds to yours, so you should go the extra mile to highlight your best skills, unique strengths, experiences, and interests. Here are 5 pointers that will help highlight your unique features that will persuade admissions board to choose you. Be honest when you evaluate your strengths and weaknesses Analyze your character and experience and decide what qualities you want to highlight. Be specific Most applicants have the same basic profile, so if you want to stand out, you should give specific instances that prove your unique qualities. Give the admission board convincing reasons to admit you You should emphasize positive things in your personal essay for medical school. Get outside advice Ask someone to read your draft and provide honest feedback. Keep in mind that good essays require a lot of revising and rewriting. You can write several drafts. Be picky Before submitting your essay, proofread it and make sure there are no grammar and spelling errors and sloppy writing. We have discussed what you should do to impress the admissions committee, but there are also plenty of things that you should avoid when writing your personal statement for medical school. Here are 5 of them. Don’t rewrite your resume into a personal essay. Admission officers do not want to see just a long list of your accomplishments and awards. But they do want specific details and engaging stories that will help them understand what kind of person you are and what kind of doctor you can become. Avoid using clichéd language Clichés will mean that you didn’t put enough original thoughts into your admission essay. Rely on simple words and say what you really mean. Don’t use jargon, clichés or empty expressions. Don’t write much about other people. Focus on you, your experiences and actions, although you can mention how other people have motivated or influenced you. Don’t make excuse. Don’t over-explain the negative things that might be in your personal profile â€" gaps in your resume, low grades or not enough volunteer involvement. Don’t be sloppy Grammar mistakes and typos can show the admissions committee that you don’t care much about the admission process. Don’t give them a reason to reject your essay. In addition to a personal statement, many med schools invite their applicants to describe a unique aspect of their profile when writing a medical school diversity essay. When writing a diversity essay for medical school, young people have a chance to present themselves in a way that sets them apart from other candidates and convince the admission officers that they will make a great addition to the next class. Diversity is much more than race, religion or sexual orientation. Any aspect of your experience or your character can be classified as unique and show that you have something special to contribute. So when answering the diversity question, you can use your life experience or your interests. Writing a strong admission essay is not an easy task. You have to be persuasive and ‘sell’ yourself in such a short piece of writing and at the same time, you should appear modest. Your essay should be well-written and cohesive and you need to get the right tone to be expressive. If you feel that you lack skills for writing a compelling and powerful personal essay, you can hire a professional writer at our custom essay writing service or you can use our medical school essay editing service. Our experienced editors will make necessary changes in the content and in the style and make your personal statement as strong as it can be.

Blade Runner and New Brave Worlds Perspectives on...

Blade Runner and New Brave Worlds Perspectives on Humanity Ridley Scott’s film â€Å"Blade Runner: Director’s Cut† and Aldous Huxley’s novel â€Å"Brave New World† explore the concept of ‘In The Wild’ by focusing on the natural world and its rhythms falling victim to unbridled scientific development. They present a wedge that is divorcing man from his relationship with nature, in an attempt to define what it means to be ‘human’. Both texts depict chilling dystopic futures where the materialistic scientific and economic ways of thinking have been allowed to quash the†¦show more content†¦This era saw these materialistic multinational corporations, as symbolized by Tyrell, rise to enormous economic and political power. Due to the movements of the 60s and 70s against envi ronmental degradation, the state of the natural environment (eg: the ozone layer and industrialisation) was also a global anxiety for humanity. The utterly urban existence of â€Å"Blade Runner† is Scott’s prediction of 1980s America’s future as a society overrun by commercialism, globalization and consumerism where nature was being rapidly exhausted to allow for man’s unbridled thirst for technological development. These texts, in reflecting the concerns of when they were composed, caution man against drifting from nature. In their texts, the composers’ dramatic use of dystopic settings, illustrate humanity’s dislocation from traditional religious and philosophic ways of thinking. In â€Å"Blade Runner†, the panoramic camera shots of L.A. 2019 establish a hellish megalopolis through disorienting imagery of unnatural squalor and the domination of pagan edifices. Ironically,

Tyco International As A Corporation Essay - 1753 Words

Tyco international is a corporation that was founded in 1960 Arthur J. Rosenberg. It began as an investment and holding company that eventually expanded into Healthcare, Electrical and Electronics, Specialty Products and Fire and Security Services. Tyco became a solid publically traded company under its founder and leader Arthur J Rosenberg. Under his leadership, Tyco not just expanded but grew that between 1973 and 1982 the company went from $34 million to 500 million in consolidated sales. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2011). The story of a leadership in crisis reflects on the governance and unethical misconduct of its Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Dennis Kozlowski. Dennis Kozlowski entered the corporation in 1975 and at the time was under the leadership of Joseph Gaziano. Dennis was mentored by Gaziano and was quite impressed by the lavish, opulent and affluent lifestyle. In 1982 Gaziano passed away and John F. Fort III became CEO. His leadership style was that of one that was qui te frugal in his spending. This was a change within the culture of Tyco as it moved in a new direction and Kozlowski had to adapt to the changes. Fort Leadership and Management style was to cut back on what he saw as wasteful spending. He opposed the extravagance of that of his predecessor and directed the company focus more towards making a profit for investors and shareholders. Kozlowski adapted to the changes made by Fort and also supported the vision and new direction theShow MoreRelatedTyco Organization1214 Words   |  5 PagesTyco Corporation Management 330 March 20, 2009 Introduction During the course of this paper one will see addressed several issues of responsibilities that the Tyco Corporation must deal with. Some of these issues are ones that they have had to deal with quite recently. The responsibilities that one will see discussed are the legal, social and ethical issues that arise in a company that is nationally known. Legal Tyco provides products and services across the world. Read MoreMisappropriation of Assets1400 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the past two years, corporate America has endured a plethora of fraudulent acts committed by those of high status within their respective corporations, most of which involve internal fraud. Internal fraud has two main aspects, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, with the focus of this discussion lying within the former. Misappropriation of assets is defined as fraud for personal gain. It is the most common type of fraud found among employees and frequentlyRead MoreHasbro Case Study - Ethical Behavior1287 Words   |  6 PagesIn the aftermath of Tyco’s executive scandal in the early 2000’s, Ed Breen and Tyco’s newly elected management team were vital elements to the repair of Tyco’s corporate social responsibility and company image. During this time, Tyco International began focusing on the repair of internal weaknesses and devised several initiatives to improve their image and reform their values. During Tyco’s reform period they focused on multiple goals and company-wide achievements. Governance, customers, growthRead MoreMisappropriation Of Assets Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the past two years, corporate America has endured a plethora of fraudulent acts committed by those of high status within their respective corporations, most of which involve internal fraud. Internal fraud has two main aspects, misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, with the focus of this discussion lying within the former. Misappropriation of assets is defined as fraud for personal gain. It is the most common type of fraud found among employees and frequentlyRead MoreTyco International: Management Planning Analysis Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesTyco International: Management Planning Analysis Traditionally, along with leading, organizing and controlling, planning is one of the main functions of management. As a function, planning has to answer five questions; where does the company want to go, why they want to go there, how they will arrive at their destination, what is needed to go there and finally, how they will know when they have reached their goal. In this paper I will explore how Tyco International, Ltd. has used the planningRead MorePlanning Functions of Management1530 Words   |  7 Pagesset the organization on a detrimental course. This paper will examine to what degree different management planning functions impact the Tyco Corporation as well as factors that influence the planning phase. Legal â€Å"Tyco International, founded by Edward Breen in 1960 is located in Princeton, New Jersey and employs 247, 900 employees† (Tyco, 2008). While the name Tyco is synonymous with success and growth, yet little is known of the legal challenges encountered when planning a new product or alteringRead MoreThe Management Failure Of Tyco International Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Management Failure of Tyco International Tyco International was founded by Edward Breen in 1960 (Wikipedia, 2007). According to Wikipedia, (2007), Tyco International’s operational headquarters is located in Princeton, New Jersey, and employs 247,900 employees. Dennis Kozlowski became the CEO in 1992, leading with aggressiveness acquiring several other companies into the organization (Wikipedia, 2007). In 1999, after a stock split, rumors began to spread about Tyco’s accounting habitsRead MoreCase Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis1653 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis Case Study: Tyco International: Leadership Crisis Gupta Bhagirath, BUS604 Grand Canyon University Abstract Tyco International Ltd. NYSE: TYC is a highly diversified global manufacturing company incorporated in Switzerland, with United States operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey (Tyco International (US) Inc.). Tyco International is composed of five major business segments: ADT Worldwide, Fire Protection Services, Safety ProductsRead MoreTyco Case1746 Words   |  7 PagesTyco International: à ¸ Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸â€œÃ  ¸ µÃ  ¸ ¨Ã  ¸ ¶Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ©Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â€šÃ  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸Å Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸Å¡ à ¸ §Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë† 17 à ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ´.à ¸ ¢. 2005 à ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸â€¢Ã  ¸Å"à ¸ ¹Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸â€šÃ  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Tyco, Dennis Kozlowski à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸Å¾Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¸Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ² Mark Swartz à ¹â€žÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸Å¾Ã  ¸ ´Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¹Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹Å'à ¸ §Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸â€žÃ  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸Å"à ¸ ´Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¡ à ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¹ Ã  ¸Å"à ¸â„¢ à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ °Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸ Ã  ¸â€¡ à ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â„¢ à ¸ .à ¸ ¢. à ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ µ 2005 Kozlowski à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ° Swartz à ¹â€žÃ  ¸â€Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ±Ã  ¸Å¡Ã  ¸ Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¹â€šÃ  ¸â€"à ¸ ©Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ ³Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ² 8 – 25 à ¸â€ºÃ  ¸ µ à ¸â€"à ¸ µÃ  ¹Ë† Mid State Correctional Facility à ¸ ­Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ ¹Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¹â€° Utica à ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ ¡Ã  ¸ ·Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€¡ New York à ¸ ¨Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¹Ã  ¸â€¡Ã  ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ¸Ã  ¸â€ Michael Obus à ¸ ªÃ  ¸ ±Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸â€¡ Kozlowski à ¹ Ã  ¸ ¥Ã  ¸ ° Swartz à ¹Æ'à ¸ «Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸Ë†Ã  ¸ ³Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ §Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸ ­Ã  ¸â€ USD 134 à ¸ ¥Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸ «Ã  ¸ £Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸ ¢Ã  ¸  à ¹â‚¬Ã  ¸â€ºÃ  ¹â€¡Ã  ¸â„¢Ã  ¸â€žÃ  ¹Ë†Ã  ¸ ²Ã  ¸Å Ã  ¸â€Ã  ¹Æ'à ¸Å Ã  ¹â€° à ¸ ­Ã  ¸ µÃ  ¸ Ã  ¸â€"à ¸ ±Ã  ¹â€°Ã  ¸â€¡ KozlowskiRead MoreTyco International-Case Study919 Words   |  4 Pagescase discusses the Tyco International corporate scandal that was realized in 2002 when the national television of the U.S. showed one of the most well-known chief executive officers, Dennis Kozlowski in handcuffs after being arrested for misappropriating the companys money and concealing information from the companys board of directors and shareholders. In 2004, the former CEO Dennis Kozlowski and former CFO Mark Swartz were accused of the theft of $170 million from Tyco Corporation. However, they

The Model Of Economic Growth - 1751 Words

‘The framework presented here is based on the notion of population increase’ (Bucci 2009) with attention to the solow model and the AK model of economic growth. The differences and similarities in these growth models will be critically assessed with the use of empirical evidence to explain the real world economic growth patterns. The solow model is ‘a theory that analyses growth as being driven by exogenous technological change and the accumulation of factors of production’ (burdawyplosz 2013 p561). ‘The AK model is an endogenous growth model it explains the sustainable by exogenous technological advances . It tracks down the sources of economic growth to the accumulation of factors of production with particular emphasis on knowledge.’ (Burda 2013 p551). Economic growth on the other hand refers to the ‘increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services.’ It can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation (Investopedia 2014). GDP (Gross domestic product) which is ‘the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced with a country’s boarders in a specific time period’ (annually) (Investopedia 2014) GDP is used when comparing economic growth between countries as these take into account population differences between countries’ (Investopedia 2014). Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a country, state or city. The formulae for population growth is (BirthShow MoreRelatedThe Growth Model And Economic Growth1072 Words   |  5 PagesEndogenous growth model, it clarifies long-run economic growth as radiating from economic activities that make new technological knowledge. Endogenous growth can be explained as long-run economic growth at a rate dictated by factors that are internal to the economic framework, especially those factors administering the opportunities and motivators to create technological knowl-edge. Over the long run, the pace of economic growth, as determined by the output per individual growth rate, reliesRead MoreThe Model Of Economic Growth1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Solow Model of economic growth, which assumes the neoclassic production function of decreasing returns to capital. Solow proposed the model while considers the rate of saving and population growth as exogenous and demonstrated that the countries reach the steady state level of income per capita. However, the classical Solow model is not able to explain cross-country variation in the standard of living. The Solow model predicts the effect of saving and population growth on economic growth qualitativelyRead MoreThe Economic Model Growth Of Energy1057 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy is one of the main drivers of economic and social development. Years ago, the only uncertainty was the price of oil. Now the concern is if the current economic model growth is reasonable in a world with limited energy resources. This has lead to more research in other forms of resources of energy. Now we have other unconventional resources such as wind, solar, geothermal, water, and so on. Energy demand is set to double by 2050 (Beckman, 2013). Therefore, greenhouse gases could double byRead MoreA Model Of Sustained Economic Growth1720 Words   |  7 Pagesintention is to develop a model where sustained economic growth is the product of the alternation of numerous agents and this literature will provide insights to reasons for variations in Gdp growth during the recessionary period(2008-2013) in Europe while investigating the optimising agents which had significant impact on Gdp growth rate. The Solow growth(1956) hypothesis looked for the determinants of sustainable economic development in per capita gross domestic product. The model recognized three principalRead MoreThe Theory Of Economic Growth Model2281 Words   |  10 Pagesnotice vast differences in average real incomes, countries’ growth recor ds and in standards of living over times that affect living human welfare. Many model mechanisms have been used to study the worldwide growth and income differences across countries. A fundamental model that economist have used to study these issues is the Solow growth model. This essay concentrates on the analysis of this model. Firstly, the derivation of the model will be demonstrated including the needed assumptions. ThenRead MoreThe Solow Swan Model : An Economic Model Of Long Run Economic Growth980 Words   |  4 PagesSolow-Swan model is an economic model of long-run economic growth in neoclassical economics. The model was developed by Robert Solow and Trevor Swan, independent of each other in 1956. This model is sometimes referred to as simply the Solow model, or the Neoclassical Growth model. The model focuses on four variables: output or GDP, capital, labor, and â€Å"knowledge†. The textbook Solow-Swan model is set in continuous time where there is no internation al or government trade. The Solow-Swan model is originallyRead MoreEconomic Growth and Standard Neoclassical Model Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagescross sectional data on growth across countries shows that countries grow at different rates. Many theories try to explain this phenomenon with emphasis with capital accumulation being one of them. I will start by developing the standard neoclassical growth model as developed by Solow(1956)[1]. I will then proceed to discuss the extensions that have been made to this basic model in an attempt to better understand actual growth figures, for e.g. the standard neoclassical model cannot explain the magnitudeRead MoreThe Model Of Economic Growth Based On Production Functions1339 Words   |  6 Pages2. The model of economic growth based on production functions (the Welfens/Jasinski model and its modifications). To show how FDI influence economic growth of a particular country a model proposed by P.Welfens and P.Jasinski is used. It is based on traditional production f unctions. In general the production functionsof Welfens and Jasinski describing the economic growth in the recipient country can bedefined by the following equation[61, p.254]: (1.9) where â€Å"Y† is an output (GDP or GNP); â€Å"K†Read MoreEconomic Growth Theories and Models, A section of a Research Paper1524 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature review Classical Theory of Economic Growth Harrod Domar Growth Model The Neoclassical growth Model Empirical literature 2.1 Theoretical Literature The long history of ideas on economic growth started from the classical economists like Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, Ricardo and Marx. For more than three decades the Neoclassical and the Endogenous Growth theories were arguing and forwarding economic reasons on trend of economic growth through investment as a general and private investmentRead MoreA Brief Note On The Growth Theory And The Dual Sector Model Of Economic Development Essay3646 Words   |  15 Pages ENDOGENOUS GROWTH THEORY BY MARTIN RIITHO MAINA KCA 14/02073 A Term Paper submitted to Prof. Joseph Ongeri in fulfilment Of the requirements for the course Advanced Macro-Economics, as credit towards the degree of Master of Science (Finance and Economics) KCA UNIVERSITY November, 2014 â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 Abstract.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦..3 1.1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........................................4 2.0 Literature review: Models†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Copyright Law Essay Example For Students

Copyright Law Essay BLM HUKUKU TANIMI, GELM, HUKUK ve TOPLUMGelien teknolojiler hayatn her alanna akl almaz bir hzla girerek insan hayatn her geen gn biraz daha kolaylatrmaktadr. Bilgisayar ve iletiim teknolojilerindeki gelimeler gnmzde insanlk tarihi acsndan ok nemli bir devrim olarak kabul edilmekte hatta sanayi devrimi ile mukayese edilmektedir. Eitimden ticarete, devlet sektrnden zel sektre, elenceden al-verie kadar bir ok alanda klasiklemi anlaylar deitirmi ve insanlara yeni bir anlay yeni bir hayat tarz kazandrmtr. Bununla birlikte insann bulunduu her alanda olduu gibi bu alanda da yeni su tipleri ortaya km ve sulularda teknolojinin getirdii yenilik ve kolaylklar kullanmaya balamtr. Gnmzde bilgisayar kavram sadece hayatmz kolaylatran bir devrim olmaktan km su kavram ile birlikte anlan bir ara haline de gelmitir. Bu noktada biliim suu kavram ortaya kmtr. Biliim sular olgusu teknolojiyi kullanan ve kullanacak btn lkelerin ortak problemi haline gelmitir. Biliim teknolojilerindeki gelimeler bilgisayar alar sayesinde milli snrlar amtr. Bu nedenle ulusal dzenlemeler ve ulusal hukuklar biliim sular ile mcadelede yetersiz kalmaktadr. Biliim sular ile ideal bir mcadele, teknolojik gelimeler ile globalleen dnyada bu tip sulara kar dnya apnda bir ibirlii ile mmkndr. Dijital ortamn getirmi olduu btn imkanlar dnya devletleri sula mcadelede kullanmadka bu alandaki su tipleri ile mcadele baarl olmak mmkn deildir. Biliim sular teknolojik gelimelere ak lkelerce ncelikli problem olarak kabul edilmi ve bu alanda gerekli almalar balatlmtr. zellikle A.B.D ve Avrupa lkeleri bu alandaki gerekli hukuki altyaplarn tamamlayarak gerekli idari yaplanmalarn dzenlemilerdir. Mevcut kanunlarnda dzenleme yapan lkelerin hukuklarn incelediimizde iki farkl yaklam ortaya kmaktadr. Birincisi Biliim Sularn ayr bir konu olarak deerlendirip Dijital ortamda ilenen sular iin ayr dzenlemeler yapmaktadrlar. kincisi ise bu alanda ilenen sularn dier sulardan farkl olmad ve sadece mevcut kanunlarnda dijital ortam ifade ed en dzenlemelerin yeterli olaca grdr. ki grnde kendine gre hakllk pay bulunmakla birlikte karma bir yaklam en salkls olacaktr. Biliim sularn ksaca Bilgisayar ve iletiim teknolojileri kullanlarak ilenen sulardr diye tanmlayabiliriz. Bu noktada iki farkl su tipi karmza kmaktadr. Birincisi mevcut hukukumuzda tanmlanm olup dijital ortamlarda ve bilgisayar teknolojileri kullanlarak ilenen sulardr. Bu sulara hakaret, dolandrclk, devlet aleyhine yrtlen faaliyetler vs yi rnek verebiliriz. kincisi Mevcut hukuklarda dzenlenmemi dijital ortamlarn varl ile ortaya kan su tipleridir. Bu su tiplerine rnek olarak Bilgisayar sistemlerine izinsiz girileri verebiliriz. Bir ok kiinin dnd gibi lkemizde bu alanda dzenlemeler yaplmam deildir. Her ne kadar ideal manada bir dzenleme yaplm bulunmamakla birlikte hukukumuzun bu alanda ki sularla mcadele etmek iin yeterli olduu sylenebilir. TCK unun 525. maddesi Biliim alannda ilenen sular dzenlemektedir. a) zel Hukuk Ve Biliim Sular Hukuk sistemimiz incelendiin de Biliim alannda ilenen sular bakmndan yetersiz olduu anlalmakla beraber, ihtiyaca cevap verecek kadar, zm getirecek hkmleri bulunduu da grlmektedir. Bunlar daha ok zel hukuk alanndadr. Bu ikinci kategori hkmler, demetinin de nternet ile ilgili sorunlara amaca uygun zm getirecek surette tatbiki, hi phesiz yine zaman alacak ve ciddi yorum tartmalarna yol aacaktr. Ama yine de mevzuatmzn bu alanda tamamen yetersiz olduu ve dolaysyla nternet ile ilgili eitli faaliyet ve uygulamalarn ba bo kald dncesi veya endiesi uyanmamaldr. nternetin sjeleri arasdaki zel hukuk ilikileri taraflar arasnda yaplan szlemeye dayanmaktadr ve bu szlemelerin hukuki nitelii, hkm ve sonular nternet hukukunun belli bal konular arasndadr. b) Kamu Hukuku Ve Biliim Sular Yaplan incelemeler ortaya koymutur ki, mevzuat zellikle kamu hukuku alannda yeni bir konu olmasndan kaynaklanan sebeplerle belirsizlikler arz etmektedir. nternetin asl nitelii ve karakteristiini belirleyen zellikler dikkate alnd zaman, kamu hukuku alannda getirilecek kurallara egemen olacak ilkelerin ok byk bir titizlikle tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. nternet, nitelii- hatta doas ve varlk sebebi- icab, serbest ve ak bir iletiim ortamdr. Soruna bu adan bakld zaman nternet in basit bir olay veya olaan bir teknik gelime olarak ele alnmamas; fakat aa damgasn vuran olaanst bir oluum niteliinde grlmesi gerektiini syleyebiliriz. Gerekten, bilginin domas, yaylmas ve paylalmas ve dolays ile tm toplumlarda bilgi dzeyinin ykselmesi bakmndan matbaann icad ne salam ise, gnmzde de nternet ayn ortam salamakta ve hatta mukayese edildiinde, ok daha ileri ve olaanst geni kapsaml sonular yaratlmasna zemin hazrlamaktadr. Hedef nternetin hukuk alt yapsnn, kamu hukuku alannda da kstlayc olmaktan ziyade dzenleyici, istikamet verici ve hatta tevik edici hkmler ile kurulmasdr. nternet ve Dijital alanda yaplacak kanuni dzenlemeler bu alan snrlamak ve kontrol altna almaktan ziyade kii hak ve sorumluluklarn belirlemek ve koruma altna almak iindir. Kukusuz, bu hassasiyet iinde dahi, su tekil edecek veya kamu dzenini ihlal edici davranlarn engellenmesini salayacak esaslara yer verilmesi bir zorunluluk olarak karmza kmaktadr. Ancak nternet ortamndaki zgrlklerin getirecei faydalar deerlendirilerek, olanaklar lsnde kstlayc hkmlere ve daha da nemlisi, kstlamay tevik edici ilkelere yer vermekten kanlmas gereklidir. Esasen bilgisayarla ilenen fiiller, temelde sahtecilik, dolandrclk, hrszlk, karlksz yararlanma, zrar ve benzeri sularda dzenlenen eylemlere benzerlik arz etmekteyse de, iin iine bilgisayar boyutu girince bunlar daha ok genilik kazanmakta ve bu sular ileni ekli deimektedir. Bu sebeple, mevcut ceza hkmlerine bilgisayar boyutu eklenmeden bu eylemleri karlayabilmek pek mmkn olmamaktadr.rnein; dolandrclk suu kiilerin aldatlmas marifetiyle mlkiyete ilikin menfaatlerin ihlalini cezalandran bir sutur ve bilgisayara yani makineye ynelik gerekletirilen bir takm hileli ve aldatc hareketlere dolandrclk denilebilmesi olduka zordur.Yine, sahtekarlk suu iin zel veya resmi bir varakann tahrifi, hrszlk suu iin menkul bir maln sahibinin rzas hilafna alnmas gerekirken, yerine gre dijital ortamda elektronik deer olan bir akmn silinmesi veya deitirilmesi yahut kopyalanmas elde edilmesinin ne derece hrszlk veya sahtecilik yahut zrar suuna vcut verecei tartmaya aktr. Bu gibi sebeplerle, bilgisayar sularnn ceza kanunlar ile karlanabilmesi iin kanun koyucular mevzuatlarnda yeni bir takm dzenlemeler yapmaktadr. Mukayeseli hukukta bilgisayarla ilgili sularn dzenlenmesinde, temelde iki sistemin izlendii grlmektedir. Buna gre, ya bu hususta yeni ve zel bir dzenleme meydana getirilmekte ya da mevcut hkmlerde deiiklie gidilmektedir. Dnyadaki gelimelere paralel olarak Trkiyede de bilgisayar kullanm, olumlu ve olumsuz ynleriyle yaygnlamaktadr. Bu teknolojik gelime karsnda Trk Kanun Koyucusu, bir yandan mevzuatta kendini hissettiren ihtiyalar karlayabilmek, bir yandan tavsiye kararlarna uyum salayabilmek amacyla hukuki alanda baz dzenlemeler yapma ihtiyacn hissetmitir. Gerekten, kanun koyucu bilgisayar sularna ilikin ilki 1991 ylnda, 3756 s.kla TCK.nun ikinci kitabna baz bilgisayar sularn ngren Biliim Alannda Sular balkl 11. bab ilave etmitir.. Bunu takiben 1995 ylnda, bilgisayar programlarnn eser saylacan belirleyen bir deiiklik yaplm ve bilgisayar programlarna kar gerekletirilen bir takm eylemler de yaptrm altna alnmtr. 3756 S.K.la TCK. nun 2. Kitabna 11.bab olarak ilave olunan Biliim Alannda Sular, 525a, 525b, 525c ve 525d maddeleri olmak zere drt maddeden olumaktadr. 525d maddesi hari, 525a, b ve c maddelerinde feri cezalar yer almaktadr. 525a, b ve c maddesinde bilgileri otomatik olarak ileme tabi tutmu bir si stemden bahsetmek suretiyle bilgisayarlar kast edilmektedir. 525a/1 ve 2, 525b/1 maddelerinde bilgisayar, suun konusunu oluturmakta, 525b/2 ve 525c maddelerinde ise suta ara vazifesini grmektedir. TCK. Md 525 a/1 de, Bilgileri otomatik ileme tabi tutmu bir sistemden programlar, verileri veya dier herhangi bir unsuru hukuka aykr olarak ele geirmek yaptrm altna alnmak suretiyle Bilgisayar sistemlerinde bulunan programlar ve bilgiler hukuki olarak koruma altna alnmtr. TCK md.535 a/2 de, Bir program, verileri veya dier herhangi bir unsuru bakasna zarar vermek zere kullanmak, nakletmek veya oaltmak eylemleri yaptrm altna alnmaktadr. TCK md.525 b/1 de, Bakasna zarar vermek veya kendisine veya bakasna yarar salamak maksadyla, bilgileri otomatik ileme tabi tutmu bir sistemi veya verileri veya dier herhangi bir unsuru ksmen veya tamamen tahrip eden veya deitiren veya silen veya sistemin ilemesine engel olan veya yanl biimde ilemesini salayan kimselerin fiilleri yaptrm altna alnmak suretiyle bilgisayar ve sistemlerine veya bunlardaki veri, program ve dier unsurlara kar gerekletirilen zrar eylemleri yaptrm altna alnmaktadr. TCK. Md.525 b/2 de, Bilgisayar kullanmak suretiyle kendisini veya bakasn lehine hukuka aykr yarar salamak su olarak dzenlenmektedir. TCK. Md.525 cde ise, Hukuk alannda delil olarak kullanlmak maksadyla sahte bir belgeyi oluturmak iin bilgileri otomatik olarak ileme tabi tutan bir sisteme , verileri veya dier unsurlar yerletiren veya var olan verileri veya dier unsurlar tahrif eden kimsenin fiili yaptrm altna alnmaktadr. Madde de ayrca, tahrif edilmi olanlar bilerek kullananlara hapis cezas verilir denmek suretiyle de yukardaki sua ilaveten sahtecilik mahsul bir belgenin bu nitelii bilinerek kullanlmas da ayrca kullanma suu olarak dzenlenmektedir. Ceza Hukukumuz asndan bir eylemin su tekil edebilmesi iin tipe uygunluk, hukuka aykrlk ve kusurluluk unsurlarnn bir arada olmas gerekir. Esasen Ceza Hukukumuzda bir ok su tr iin ileni ekli ok sk ekil artlar balanmamtr. Bir suun ilenmesinde nternet arac olarak kullanlmsa ve bu suun ileni ekli zel bir arta balanmamsa faillerin tespit edilmesi ve delillendirilmesi durumunda cezai meyyideler uygulanabilecektir. Hakaret, svme, mstehcen yayn, sularn vlmesi, sua tahrik, adli tekilatn ileyiine tecavz, devletin gvenliine kar sular, devlet memurlarna hakaret, yalan haber yaymak gibi ceza kanunlarnda veya basn-yayn ile ilgili mevzuatta yer alm pek ok su eidinin nternet yoluyla ilenmesi durumunda da bu fiilleri yapanlar cezalandrlabilecektir. Ancak Ceza Hukuku doktrininde bu konu henz tam olarak irdelenmemitir. Bilgisayar sistemleri kullanlarak yaplan dolandrclk, sahtekarlk, zrar ve benzeri sular TCKnde gerek klasik kanunlarnzla gerekse biliim sularn dzenleyen TCKnun 525. maddesiyle faillerinin tespiti halinde cezalandrlabilecektir. Bilgisayar ve bilgisayar alar, bir taraftan klasiklemi su eitlerinin gerekletirilmesine elverili bir ortam oluturduu gibi, bir taraftan da gerekletirilmesine olanak verdii baz eylemler dolaysyla yeni sular da yaratan bir faaliyet alan olarak ortaya kmaktadr. Bu erevede gerekli hukuki alt yap gzden geirilerek gerekli dzenlemelerin yaplmas kanlmazdr. Elektronik iletiimin yaylmas ile zellikle nternet ve web sayfas yayn sureti ile insanlar arasnda yeni bir iletiim tr ortaya kmtr. Eskiden bir dergi, kitap yayncs tarafndan oaltlp alcsna gnderilmekte iken, gnmzde alc, yayncnn web sitesine bavurmakta kendisi kopya/ suret kartarak bilgisayarna transfer etmektedir. nternet zerinde yayn yapan milyonlarca web sitesi bulunmaktadr. Bu web sitelerinin bazlar periyodik yaynlar (elektronik gazete gibi.) Bazlar ise periyodik olarak gncelletirilen yaynlardr. nternet zerindeki bu tr yaynlar Basn Kanunu asndan deerlendirdiimizde Basn Kanununda dijital biimde baslma, neir tabiri yoktur. Bu nedenle ok ksa sre iinde web yaynclnn nitelii zerinde tartmalar sonularn vermeye baladka Basn Kanununun adndan balayarak ciddi deiiklikler geirmesi beklenmektedir. Tartlan konulardan birisi de nternet aracl ile gerekletirilen eylemlerde ve nternet eylemlerinde sorumluluun kime ait olacadr. Bu konuda da henz belirgin bir dzenleme yaplmamtr. nternet hizmeti veren kuruluun, ilenen sutan haberdar olmasna ramen yayn faaliyetine devam etmesi veya resmi mercilerin herhangi bir uyarsna ramen eylemi srdrmesi, ksaca itirak kurullarnn geerli olabilmesi durumunda, bu kurulularn da sorumluluu ynne gidilebilecektir. Hizmet veren kurulularn sorumluluklar sz konusu olunca, ceza hukuku ynnden sorumlu kiilerin, kanuni dzenleme ierisinde belirlenmesi nemli bir gereklilik olarak ortaya kmaktadr. Mukayeseli hukukta nternet eylemlerini veya nternet yoluyla ilenen fiilleri cezai yaptrma balayan temel yaptrm olmamasna ramen, bu konudaki tartmalarn henz yeterince olgunlamad bilinen bir gerektir. te yandan Dnyada meydana gelen sosyal, siyasal ve ekonomik deiiklikler dolaysyla eskiyen deerlere dayal 765 sayl Trk Ceza Kanununu aa uydurmak amacyla daha nceden hazrlanan Trk Ceza Kanunu n Tasars n gzden geirip gerekli deiiklikleri ve gelitirmeleri yapmak zere, 21.12.1999 tarihinde bilim adamlar ve uzman personelden oluturulan komisyon, almalarna devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle nternet zerinden ilenen sularla ilgili yasal dzenlemeler bu komisyon almalarnda deerlendirilmesi uygun olacaktr. Trk sistemi bugn iin genel ilke olarak suun ilendii yerdeki mahkemelere yetki vermektedir. Bu yer bilinmedii hallerde, yarg yeri yedek kurallarla belirlenmektedir. Bu tr kurallara ihtiya olduu da aktr, nk ceza yarglamasnda, fiili yarglayacak mahkeme bulunmad iin yarglamay yapamamak hibir ekilde sz konusu olamaz. Trk sistemi, zellikle basn yolu ile ilenen sularda, birden ok yere yetki vermek ilkesini de benimsemektedir. Bu yerler, suun ilendii yer, madurun ikametgah olarak deiebilmektedir. nternet vastas ile ilenen sular asndan olaya yaklatmzda, ilk belirleyeceimiz sonu, nternet yolu ile su tekil eden eylemlerin yaplmas ile, su tekil eden neticenin kendiliinden domasdr. Bu durumda, nternet sular ynnden suun ilendii yeri tespit gl yoktur. Bu nedenle, suun ilendii yere yarg yetkisi vermek uygun bir zmdr. Bunun yan sra, zellikle kiileri hedef alan sularda, bu kiilerin ikametgahlarnn bulunduu yer mahkemesinde de yetki vermek yargy kolaylatracaktr. Gnmzde su ilemekte vasta olarak nternet ortam kullanlmaktadr. Fakat, bunlarn byk bir ounluunun faaliyetlerini yurt dnda yapt bilinmektedir. Dolaysyla failleri tespit ve yakalamak imkansz hale gelmektedir. Bu sorunun zm yolu, Uluslararas alanda yaplacak ve nternet yolu ile ilenen sularn engellenmesine ve hatta faillerin iadesini dzenleyen bir anlama yaplmasdr. Yurt iinde ilenen sularla ilgili olarak ise; esasen mevzuatmzdaki su tanmlamalar bakmndan nemli bir sorun olmamakla birlikte fail ve fiil arasndaki ilikiyi kurma hususunda glkler vardr. Bu konuda yaplmas gereken temel alma, nternet vastasyla su ileyen faillerin tespiti ve su ile fail arasndaki illiyet ban net bir ekilde ortaya koyabilecek teknolojik donanma kavuulmasdr. ADALET BAKANLIININ KONU LE LGL GRLER Dnyada biliim alannda yaanan hzl gelimelerin insan yaamn ve ilikilerini deitirip, etkilemesi sebebiyle yeni su tipleri ve hak ihlallerinin gndeme gelmesi, yeni bir iletiim ve bilgi arac olmasnn yan sra, teknik yn de ar basan nternet kanalyla; lkemiz veya dier lkeler zerinden ceza mevzuatmza z itibariyle aykr fakat ileni ekli, zaman ve mahiyeti ile farkllk gsteren yaynlarn yaplmas sebebiyle, ayrca terr rgtlerinin propaganda amal devlet aleyhine yaynlar, kumar, bahis, pornografik yayn,fuha araclk, bilgisayar sistemlerine ve hizmetlerine yetkisiz eriim, bilgisayar sabotaj bilgisayar yoluyla dolandrclk, sahtecilik, kanunla korunmu yazlmn izinsiz kullanm, yasad yaynlar, verilerin suiistimali gibi eylemlerle daha etkin olarak mcadele edilebilmesi iin bilgisayar teknolojileri konusunda bu yeni oluumun teknik ve hukuki ynden dzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. A story about seeing MxPx EssayNorvete ilenen bilgisayar sular ile ilgilenen makam Norve Adalet bakanlna bal Polis Tekilat iinde zel olarak oluturulan OKOKRIM Ekonomik ve evre Sular Aratrma ve Soruturma Milli Otoriter birimidir. OKOKRIMin bilgisayar sular birimi, bilgisayar mhendisleri, dedektifler ve savclardan oluan multidisipliner bir merkezdir. 1993den bu yana faaliyette olan birim, eitli trdeki siber saldrlarn tespiti, soruturulmas ve ortaya karlmas, dijital korsanlk gibi konularda byk tecrbeye sahiptir. Bilgisayar sular konusunda en son yasal dzenleme 23 Aralk 1993 tarihinde 547 sayl kanun ile yaplmtr. talyada bilgisayar sular ile mcadele iin 30 Mart 1998 tarihinde Emniyet Genel Mdrl bnyesinde kurulmu olan Posta ve letiim Gvenlii Daire Bakanl bulunmaktadr. Bakanlk bnyesinde Personel/Lojistik ve Teknik olmak zere iki blm mevcuttur. Tarada ise 20 ilde dorudan bakanla bal olarak grev yapan ofisler bulunmaktadr. Operasyonel ilevi olan teknik blm bnyesinde oluturulan bir alma grubunda mhendisler, biliim teknisyenleri ve rgtl su, terrizm, ocuk pornografisi vb. Konularda uzmanlam dedektifler grev yapmaktadr. Kanadada ABDden farkl olarak, siber terrist saldrlara veya network sabotajlarna kar nlemler almakla sorumlu bir hkmet kuruluu olan FEDCERT (Federal computer emergency response team) benzeri bir zel birim bulunmamaktadr. Esasen, kanada enformasyon arlkl bir sisteme sahip olup da bilgisayar olaylarna kar uluslararas koalisyon durumundaki FIRST (Forum For Incident Response Teams)e ye olmayan ender lkelerden biridir. Bununla birlikte, Kanadada CANCERT (Canadian Computer Emergency Response Team) ad altnda benzer ileve sahip bir zel sektr kuruluu bulunmaktadr. Ayrca her federal bakanlk ve kuruluun da ayr ayr enformasyon teknolojisi gvenlii politikas ve yntemleri mevcuttur. Kanadada siber terrizm ve benzeri teknolojik sular halen mevcut ceza kanunu kapsamnda ilem grmektedir. Ceza kanununun 1985 ylndan itibaren yaplan deiikliklerle bu tr faaliyetler de su kapsamna alnmtr. Ceza kanununun 342. maddesi uyarnca hakk olmadan ve sahtekarlk yoluyla elektromanyetik, akustik, mekanik veya baka bir cihaz yoluyla bir bilgisayar sistemini dolayl veya dorudan kesintiye uratan herkes cezai meyyideyi gerektiren bir suun faili durumundadr. Teknolojik sularla ilgili olarak, 1961 tarihli ceza yasasnn yetersizliinin grlmesi zerine hazrlanan Crimes Involving Computers balkl yasa deiiklii tasars parlamentoya sevk edilmi ve yl sonunda onaylanmas beklenmektedir. Bununla birlikte bilgisayar sularna ynelik polisiye birimler oluturulmutur. Siber terrizm ve benzeri teknolojik sularla mcadele hususunda Hindistan Bilgi ve Teknoloji Bakanl tarafndan yaplan almalarda aamal bir yaklam izlenmitir. Birinci aamada, bu tr sularn nlenebilmesini tem inen alnmas gerekli fiziki tedbirler belirlenmi ve kullanclarn istifadesi iin gvenlik rehberi hizmeti verilmeye balanmtr. kinci aamada, bata savunma, dileri, iileri bakanlklar olmak zere, hassas bilgilere ve teknolojilere sahip bakanlk ve kurulular, siber terrizm ve teknolojik sularn yaratabilecei tehlikeler ve bunlara kar alnacak tedbirler hakknda bilgilendirme almalar balatlm ve mteakip aamada oluturulacak yasal ereve iin sz konusu kurullarn destek ve deneyimlerine bavurulmutur. Son aama yasal erevenin hazrlanmasdr. Bu amala aralk 1999da parlamentoya sunulan yasa tasars bahse konu sularn nlenmesi ve bu sular yasal bir ereveye oturtmay ve devletin bu alandaki kontrol zafiyetini gidermeyi amalamaktadr. Siber ve teknolojik sularla ilgilenmek zere Bilgi ve Teknoloji Bakanl bnyesinde zel bir grup tesis edilmitir. Bilgisayar mhendislerinden oluan bu grup siber ve teknolojik gvenliin arttrlmas almalarn yrtmekte ve kamu kurum ve kurulularnn gvenlik programlarnn oluturulmasna yardm etmektedir. Pakistan Bilim ve Teknoloji Bakanl, ilgili dier kurulularla ibirlii halinde siber terrizm ve benzeri teknolojik sular da kapsayacak ekilde bilgisayarlarla ilgili btn hususlar ieren bir yasa oluturulmas zerinde almaktadr. Rusyada bilgisayar zerinden ilenen sular konusunda iki yl ncesine kadar bir dzenleme bulunmamaktayd. Ancak, G-8 lkelerinin 1997 ylnda Washingtonda yaptklar Adalet ve ileri Bakanlar toplantsnda kabul edilen bildiri ile Ulusal Temas Noktalar oluturulmasna karar verilmesi zerine, ileri Bakanl bnyesinde bir temas noktas oluturulmutur. R dairesi olarak adlandrlan bu blm, lke iindeki gvenlik ve yarg organlar ile ve dier lkelerdeki kartlar ile dorudan temas halinde bulunmakta ve uzmanlar 24 saat kesintisiz alma prensibi uygulamaktadr. Rusya ileri Bakanl, Internet zerinden su ve sulularn takibi iin delillerin korunmas amacyla Internet hizmeti salayan servislerle ibirlii yapmakta, Internet firmalarna verilerini 6 ay saklama ve yarg makamlarnn talebi olduu takdirde sz konusu v erileri ilgili makamlara salama zorunluluu getirmektedir. Yukarda da grld gibi dnyann bir ok yerinde lkeler bilgisayar/biliim sular hakknda almalar balatm bunlarla ilgili gerekli kanuni dzenlemeler yapm ve bu sularla mcadele edecek zel birimler oluturmutur. lkemizde Hukuki adan ideal bir yap olmamakla birlikte mevcut kanunlar Dijital ortamda ilenen sularla mcadele iin yeterlidir. Fakat Dijital ortamda ilenen sular kovuturulurken uzmanlk gerektiren sular olduu iin bu alanda lkemizde de zel birimlerin oluturulmas gerekmektedir. uan itibariyle her ne kadar Dijital ortamda ilenen sular Emniyet tekilat iin bir sorun olarak grnmyor olsa bile nmzdeki yllar nternet ve elektronik ticaretin hzla gelitii lkemizde bu alanda da su patlamas olaca tahmin edilmektedir. TRK EMNYET TEKLATI ERSNDEK DAR YAPILANMA Yaklak iki seneden beri biliim sular konusunda yapm olduumuz almalar, Emniyet tekilatnn u anki yaplanmasnn biliim sular konusundaki ihtiyalara cevap veremedii kanaatini ortaya karmtr. Biliim sular konusu uan itibariyle herhangi bir daire bakanlmzn tam olarak grev alanna girmemekle birlikte ilgi alanlarna gre Asayi, Bilgi lem, Gvenlik, nterpol, stihbarat, Kaaklk, Organize Sularla Mcadele, Kriminal Polis Laboratuarlar ve Terrle Mcadele ve Harekat Daire Bakanlklar konu ile ilgilidirler. deal manada nmzdeki 5-10 yl ierisinde belki de dijital sularn artmasyla birlikte tek bir daire bakanl ats altnda toplanmas uygun olacaktr. Konunun hassasiyeti ve zel durumu nedeniyle yukarda bahsi geen daire bakanlklarnn srekli diyalog halinde olmas hatta Bilgi lem Daire Bakanlnn veya Genel Mdrlmz bnyesinde kurulacak direkt olarak Makama bal Biliim Sular Aratrma ve Koordinasyon Merkezi ube Mdrl tarafndan belli aralklarla bir araya getirilmesi, ortak almalar yaplmas, konu hakknda btn daire bakanlklarnn ortak kararlar almas ve biliim sular hakknda bilgi bankas oluturulmas kanlmaz bir ihtiya haline gelmitir. Biliim alannda ilenen sularla karakollarmzda ve dier polis birimlerimizde yeterli bilgi birikimine sahip personel olmad iin ideal manada mcadele e dilememektedir. Yeterli teknik bilgiye sahip olmayan personelimizin biliim sistemleri kullanlarak ilenen sularda konuyu yeterince anlayamad, iz ve delilleri incelemede yetersiz kald, yanl anlalmalar neticesi olaylarn haricindeki insanlarn madur olduu gzlenmitir. Biliim sular alannda alan, tekilatmz ierisindeki tek bro olan, Bilgi lem Dairesi Bakanlnda bulunan Bilgisayar Sular Brosu sadece idari yaplanmaya ait almalar yapmakta ve tekilat ierisindeki koordinasyonu salamaktadr. Adli ynden ikayetleri takip etme ve olaylara mdahale etme grevi olmamas nedeniyle gelen taleplere ideal manada cevap verememektedir. Yukarda belirtilen rahatszlklar gidermek, vatanda memnuniyetini arttrmak polisin ileri teknoloji rn cihazlar kullanlarak ilenen sularla mcadeledeki baarsn arttrmak iin bu konuda uzman personel yetitirilmeli ve yeni birimler ihdas edilmelidir. Aada belirtilen yaplanma tamamlanana kadar; Bilgi lem Dairesi Bakanlnda bulunan Bilgisayar Sular Brosu aktif hale geirilip gerekli eitimler v erilerek bu alanda polis birimlerimize yardmc olacak uzman birimler olarak altrlmaldr. Biliim sular konusunda tekilatmz ierisinde farkl yaplanmann ihtiyaca cevap verecei dnlmektedir. 1) Bilgi lem Daire Bakanl altnda kurulacak nternet ve Biliim Sular Aratrma ve Koordinasyon Merkezi ube Mdrl2) Merkez birimlerinde kurulacak Bilgi lem ve Biliim Sular ube Mdrlkleri3) Tara tekilatnda ilgili birimlerde kurulacak Bilgi lem ve Biliim Sular Bro Amirlikleri1) nternet ve Biliim Sular Aratrma ve Koordinasyon Merkezi ube Mdrl Bilgi lem Daire Bakanl bnyesinde kurulmas uygun olacak birim, biliim sular alannda ki koordinasyonu salamakla birlikte ilgili personelin eitim ihtiyalarn da belirleyecektir. Biliim sular konusunda tekilat ierisindeki koordinasyonu salamakTekilat ierisinde konu hakknda uzmanlara ynelik eitim ihtiyalarn belirlemek ve eitim programlar dzenlemekBiliim sular konusunda yurt iinde meydana gelen su istatistiklerini toplamak ve yaynlamakBilgisayar Sistemleri Gvenlii konusunda tekilat bilinlendirici blten hazrlamakYurtii ve yurtd gelimeleri takip etmek ve ynlendirmek maksadyla toplant, konferans, seminer ve sempozyumlara katlmak ve dzenlemekUluslararas kanaldan gel ecek ve dier lkelere gidecek bilgilerde irtibat ve koordinasyon grevi yapmakBiliim sular konusunda alan personeli senede iki kere bir araya getirmekBilgi lem ve Biliim Sular Brolarna teknik destek vermek Merkez tekilatmzda, Bilgi lem Daire Bakanlmz bnyesinde kurulacak nternet ve Biliim Sular Aratrma ve Koordinasyon Merkezi ube Mdrl haricinde daha nce hazrlanan Biliim Sular Raporunda yaplan grev dalm erevesinde ilgili daire bakanlklarmzda Bilgi lem ve Biliim Sular ube Mdrlkleri kurulmas uygun olacaktr. Btn daire bakanlklarmzda Bilgi lem Brolar bulunmaktadr. Bu brolarda alan personelin bilgi birikiminden de istifade edilerek daire bakanlnn ilgi alanlarna giren konular zerinde alacak bir ube mdrlnn kurulmas hem tara tekilatndaki almalar takip etmek hem de gerekli koordinasyonu salamak adna son derece faydal olacaktr. Bu ube mdrlklerinin Asayi, Gvenlik, nterpol, stihbarat, Kaaklk ve Organize Sularla Mcadele, Kriminal Polis Laboratuarlar ve Terrle Mcadele ve Harekat Daire Bakanlklar bnyesinde oluturulmas uygun olacaktr. Tekilatmz ierisinde biliim sular konusunda gerek T.C.K-525 ve gerekse 5846 Sayl F.S.E.K kanunlar ve bunun yannda kanunlarmzda daha nceden tanmlanm fakat bilgisayar sistemleri kullanlarak ilenen sular konusunda vatandalarmzn ikayetlerini iletebilecei bir birimimiz bulunmamaktadr. l emniyet mdrlklerimiz bu konuda Bilgi lem ube mdrlklerinden veya Bilgi lem Brolarndan yardm istemektedir. Bu tr uygulamalar ideal bir zm olmamakla birlikte Bilgi lem ubelerine de asli grevleri olmayan konularda i yk getirmektedir. Bu eksiklii gidermek zere illerde ilgili ube mdrlkleri altnda Bilgi lem ve Biliim Sular Brolar kurulmas uygun olacaktr. htiya duyulduka alacak Bilgi lem ve Biliim Sular Brolar vatanda memnuniyeti ve su ve sulu ile mcadele noktasnda hayati bir nem arz edecektir. Konu hakknda uzman olmayan kiilerin olay yerlerinde yaptklar yanllklar hem tekilatmzn imajn zedelemekte hem de madur vatandalarmzn ihtiyalarna cevap verememektedir. Hemen hemen btn ubelerimizde bulunan bilgi ilem brolarnda alan teknik personelden de istifade edilerek oluturulacak Bilgi ilem ve Biliim sular brolar Daire bakanlklarnda kurulacak Bilgi lem ve Biliim Sular ube Mdrlklerinin bir alt birimi olarak grev yapacaklardr. ncelikli olarak biliim teknolojileri kullanlarak ilenen sularn youn olduu/olaca illerde byle bir yaplanmaya gidilmesi uygun olacaktr. stanbul, Ankara, zmir, Bursa, Adana, Samsun, Antalya, Erzurum ve Diyarbakr illerinde ncelikli olarak kurulmas uygun olacaktr. Biliim sular ile mcadele konusunda yaplacak idari yaplanma tek bana ihtiyalara cevap vermeyecektir. dari yaplanmann yannda teknik olarak ihtiyalara cevap veren birimler oluturulmal, bu birimlerde bata emniyet amiri ve mdr olmak zere orta seviye amir ve polis memurlar bilgi birikimi ve liyakatlerine gre seilerek bu birimlerde altrlmaldr. uan itibariyle lkemizde byle bir birimin eitim ihtiyalarn karlaacak her hangi bir kurum olmad iin temel eitimler lkemizde verildikten sonra bu alanda almalar olan bata A.B.D leri olmak zere yaplacak ikili anlamalarla bu personele teorik ve pratik eitimin yannda uygulamay grmek ve rendiklerini tatbik edebilmek zere staj yaptrlarak eitim ihtiyac karlanmaldr. st dzey ynetici ve teknik personel olarak iki farkl eitim program belirlenmeli st dzey ynetici kursu aydan fazla olmayacak ve teknik personel eitimi alt aydan az olmayacak ekilde belirlenmelidir. u ana kadar bilgisayar sular konusunda yaplan uluslararas toplant, konferans ve eitimlere katlm iin yapl an talepler zellikle eitim programlarnn cretli olmas sebebiyle tasarruf tedbirlerine aykr bulunarak geri evrilmitir. Yaanan bu tr aksaklklar ortadan kaldrmak iin biliim sular konusundaki teknik, idari ve eitime ait ihtiyalar gidermek zere yeterli bir bte ayrlmas uygun olacaktr. 2001 ylnda almalara balanrsa nmzdeki iki sene ierisinde idari yaplanma tamamlanarak bu birimlerde alacak personel seilip eitimleri verilip almaya balam olacaktr. Yukarda bahsi edilen yaplanma tamamlandktan sonra tekilatmzn biliim alannda ilenen sularla mcadele konusundaki eksiklii giderilmi ve A.B.D ve Avrupa lkeleri dzeyinde bu tr sularla mcadele ediliyor olacaktr. Mart Yazlm A., Biliim Sular , zmir , 2000Bibliography:

Animal Farm Essays (805 words) - Marxist Theorists, Old Bolsheviks

Animal Farm by George Orwell George Orwell's novel Animal Farm does an excellent job of drawing parallels from the situation leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Animal Farm is a satire that uses its characters to symbolize leaders of the Russian Revolution. The animals of "Manor Farm", the setting of this novel, which symbolizes Russia, overthrow their human master after years of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master, Farmer Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. They gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt as their human master. The theme in the novel being that in every society there are leaders who will, if given the chance, likely abuse their position. Old Major is a prize white boar who helps point out to the animals that no animal in England is free. He continues to tell the animals that the their labor is stolen by man, who benefits alone. The animals in return get near nothing, just enough to keep them away from starvation. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Major's role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas would spark the communist revolution. Lenin became the leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Old major tells the animals that the source of the problem is man, they must overthrow man to abolish tyranny and hunger. Soon Old Major does die, but his words still echo in the hearts of all the animals. With the leadership of the pigs, the smartest animals, they repel against the human and gain complete control of the farm. This would symbolize the Russian Revolution. Another parallel represented in the book is Farmer Jones. His character is similar to the politician Czar Nicholas who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals. This made them very angry, fed by the words of Old Major the animals decided to rebel like the Russians. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very uneasy with the way he used his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didn't talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon had the dogs charge Snowball, another animal, as soon as he thought that the pigs were becoming corrupt. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. Another strong parrael would is the character of Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalin's relationship was very much like Snowball's and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenin's death Trotsky lost all

Animal Farm Essays (805 words) - Marxist Theorists, Old Bolsheviks

Animal Farm by George Orwell George Orwell's novel Animal Farm does an excellent job of drawing parallels from the situation leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Animal Farm is a satire that uses its characters to symbolize leaders of the Russian Revolution. The animals of "Manor Farm", the setting of this novel, which symbolizes Russia, overthrow their human master after years of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master, Farmer Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. They gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt as their human master. The theme in the novel being that in every society there are leaders who will, if given the chance, likely abuse their position. Old Major is a prize white boar who helps point out to the animals that no animal in England is free. He continues to tell the animals that the their labor is stolen by man, who benefits alone. The animals in return get near nothing, just enough to keep them away from starvation. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Major's role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas would spark the communist revolution. Lenin became the leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Old major tells the animals that the source of the problem is man, they must overthrow man to abolish tyranny and hunger. Soon Old Major does die, but his words still echo in the hearts of all the animals. With the leadership of the pigs, the smartest animals, they repel against the human and gain complete control of the farm. This would symbolize the Russian Revolution. Another parallel represented in the book is Farmer Jones. His character is similar to the politician Czar Nicholas who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals. This made them very angry, fed by the words of Old Major the animals decided to rebel like the Russians. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very uneasy with the way he used his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didn't talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon had the dogs charge Snowball, another animal, as soon as he thought that the pigs were becoming corrupt. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. Another strong parrael would is the character of Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalin's relationship was very much like Snowball's and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenin's death Trotsky lost all

Animal Farm Essays (805 words) - Marxist Theorists, Old Bolsheviks

Animal Farm by George Orwell George Orwell's novel Animal Farm does an excellent job of drawing parallels from the situation leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Animal Farm is a satire that uses its characters to symbolize leaders of the Russian Revolution. The animals of "Manor Farm", the setting of this novel, which symbolizes Russia, overthrow their human master after years of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master, Farmer Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. They gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt as their human master. The theme in the novel being that in every society there are leaders who will, if given the chance, likely abuse their position. Old Major is a prize white boar who helps point out to the animals that no animal in England is free. He continues to tell the animals that the their labor is stolen by man, who benefits alone. The animals in return get near nothing, just enough to keep them away from starvation. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Major's role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas would spark the communist revolution. Lenin became the leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Old major tells the animals that the source of the problem is man, they must overthrow man to abolish tyranny and hunger. Soon Old Major does die, but his words still echo in the hearts of all the animals. With the leadership of the pigs, the smartest animals, they repel against the human and gain complete control of the farm. This would symbolize the Russian Revolution. Another parallel represented in the book is Farmer Jones. His character is similar to the politician Czar Nicholas who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals. This made them very angry, fed by the words of Old Major the animals decided to rebel like the Russians. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very uneasy with the way he used his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didn't talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon had the dogs charge Snowball, another animal, as soon as he thought that the pigs were becoming corrupt. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. Another strong parrael would is the character of Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalin's relationship was very much like Snowball's and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenin's death Trotsky lost all

lost innocence of a forgotten essays

lost innocence of a forgotten essays The Lost Innocence of a Forgotten War It is a cool autumn day; the trees are changing from their summer green to their vibrant orange, reds and yellows. Leaves scatter the wet grass as the family pets run back and forth, their tails wagging, breath floating in puffs of mist before being swept away by a clean crisp breeze. The purpose of the visit to my cabin in Moose Lake, Minnesota is to interview my neighbor Charles Nelson or Chuck for short, on how the Korean War affected him, and in essence, stole his innocence. This sixty-nine year old is built like a real man, skin tanned from many boating excursions, his hair white and grey from age and the many years in the sun. Best of all is his personality, young and spunky just like the day he turned seventeen, which is where the story starts. Fifty-two years ago Chuck was a carefree seventeen year old high-school senior, months away from graduation and living his life to the fullest. World War 2 was still in the minds of almost every American and the country was just entering what is now referred to as the baby-boomer era. The country was doing well financially and many were excited at what was to come. But in 1950 when the North Koreans were looking likely to invade South Korea five of Chucks good high-school friends who had already graduated signed up for the service. The country had seen the world torn apart by imperialist empires such as Germany and Japan jus several years prior Chuck recalled when asked the mindset of the country toward war. He continues, With that mindset, we had seen as a nation, he pauses the devastation [caused] by allowing dictatorships such as Germany and Japan to invade their neighbors. Consequently when North Korea invaded South Korea [we] had seen the damage once before, we had to act. Within two weeks, two of the five friends were dead. I was angry. He recalled When I heard they were ...

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge - Term Paper Example A striking aspect of the story is the non-linear plot structure employed by the author. The story is divided into four compact parts. Chronologically they are arranged in this fashion – 2,1,3,4 – which means the background information about Farquhars allegiance to the confederate cause is placed next to the event of his hanging by Union soldiers. The last two parts are chronologically in the right places, and it is in the crisp and concise fourth part that we learn that the whole of preceding narrative were the final hallucinatory thoughts of Peyton Farquhar. The material for the thesis is contained in the third part which was only a matter of few minutes but takes up a large chunk of the narrative. This is deliberate on part of the author, for he is trying to show to the reader that there is so much life contained in each passing second. The author is also hinting that we mostly dont enjoy our lives to the fullest, probably because our attention is being diverted from really important things in life like family and children and toward superficial things like status, wealth accumulation, etc. (Powers, 1982, p.280) By showing to the readers that so much drama could be contained in a brief period of time, Bierce is suggesting that there is a great scope for happiness and enjoyment during human lifetime which we dont realize in the normal course. The high-adrenaline condition created by the thought of approaching mortality had taken Peytons imagination to a surreal zone. In this state of mind, the small hopeful signs of his escape from death looks magnified and magnificent. His powers of perception and the intake of sensory stimuli were taken to new heights. For example, â€Å"He felt the ripples upon his face and heard their separate sounds as they struck. He looked at the forest on the bank of the stream, saw the individual trees, the leaves and the

Rousseau's Social Contract and John Stuart Mill's On Liberty Research Paper

Rousseau's Social Contract and John Stuart Mill's On Liberty - Research Paper Example The two philosophers have also delved into the relationship that exists between the government and liberty, while also investigating the valid basis for limiting liberty. Mill’s position on the concept of liberty is based on the observation that the majority in the society has the opportunity to dominate the minority, and thus subject them under their own authority (Mill, 12). As a result of this observation, Mills advocates for individuality, where individuals possess their own rights that are not interfered by the society and thus can be able to shape their own destiny without depending on the influence of the society, which is highly driven by the tyranny of the majority. On his part, Jean–Jacques Rousseau observes that man was born in freedom, to be absolutely free, but he is always in chain whenever he is (Rousseau,). In an attempt to devise the right ways of developing a political community, he devised the fundamental concept of the liberty of people. Pitched on t he argument that only the people can develop the rules that should govern them, and anything short of that is unacceptable. Therefore, this discussion seeks to compare Rousseau's Social Contract and John Stuart Mill's On Liberty, with a view to assessing their points of congruence and departure, in regards to the concept of liberty and the freedom of man. ... Therefore, it is the institutions like that of private ownership of property that has made man bad (r). This is because, with the introduction of such institutions, man has been corrupted and made mean, so that he attempts to own as much as he can, without any due regard for the others. If there were no private ownership of property, a man could not be such corrupt or mean, because he could only use what is enough for him, and leave the rest for others, thus creating equality for all. Therefore, the existence of institutions has destroyed man’s pity and benevolence. Thus the fundamental basis for Rousseau’s belief in liberty is equality and security, where the man can obey himself, while still uniting himself with all, and retaining the ever unlimited freedom (Rousseau, 33). According to him, only institutions create inequality and insecurity. Mills, on the other hand, observes the fundamental basis for liberty as individuality and individual basic rights, which he obse rves are the basis for the good citizenship, which translates to a healthy society, and consequently to the freedom of mankind (Mill, 24). He observes that individuals should have the freedom from constraint by the government, but that is associated with self-rule. Therefore, Mills differs with Rousseau regarding the fundamental basis of freedom, by arguing that individual rights grant man freedom, and by extension makes the society free. On his part, Rousseau argues that individual rights make an individual a slave of oneself, by making him obey his self-desire (Rousseau, 56).  

Legalizing Marijuana

Legalizing Marijuana Introduction Marijuana is also referred to as cannabis, marihuana, or ganja. Herbal form of marijuana is the most common drug, consisting of flowers and leaves which subtend and mature pistillate stalks. Cannabis history dates back to 3rd millennium B.C. In the modern world, the drug has been applied for religious, recreational, medical or spiritual purposes. UNs estimation in fiscal 2004 revealed that 4% of the adults in the world population, which entails 162million people, use marijuana yearly, while 0.6% or 22.5million use it daily (Smith 50). Marijuana illegality Marijuana use is termed to be illegal due to its addictive aspect since its rated to be a  highly abusive drug. When individuals start to abuse marijuana, they eventually become hooked up and the drug ends up dominating their lives. Marijuana has also been declared not to have an approved medical use. Although the drug has been associated with healings from glaucoma to cancer especially among the Americans, the deal has not been accepted widely enough on international grounds (Connoly 55). Such an argument has therefore rendered the medical value of marijuana an actual controversy. Similarly, use of marijuana has been associated with narcotics like heroin believed to have serious health repercussions once abused. Narcotics had been on regulation under the early antidrug laws. Marijuana has been termed to be an abnormal recreational drug, due to its links to narcotics. In addition, marijuana has been associated with hippies or losers hence rendering it unfashionable lifestyles. Impo sition of criminal sanctions to the drug possession acts as type tough love for the community. The drug has been associated with the oppressed ethnic groups. For example, within the Americans, it was associated with Mexican Americans. A ban on marijuana was therefore seen as a way of discouraging the community subcultures from developing. Similarly, court cases presented for marijuana legalisation has never been rendered appealing by the advocates. Advocates normally argue on the basis of its medical benefits, creativity promotion and moral progression among others. Particularly, that does not seem convincing since the public image of a marijuana user is that of a loser at risks of either imprisonment or arrest (Smith 194). Advantages and Disadvantages of Marijuana Marijuana has physical benefits that are widespread, long-term or far reaching. The drug is known to impact on the automatic nervous system. Such an impact expands the breadth and gives the body a relaxation. Similarly, the drug has enormous healing and health potential which have actually not been realised by the Western medicine. Opposing action of the drug is essential in balancing an individual entire system, which can be understood to be a charged equilibrium. Such a state is defined as a physiological expansion or psychological satisfaction which is responsible for our health. For example, a study by Costa Rican revealed that cancer developments are less within the smokers of chronic marijuana, considered to be cigarettes smokers as well (Smith 46). Psychologically, marijuanas balancing of the nervous system has an effect on the mind which is energising and relaxing in a simultaneous trend. This means that an individual thinking is more clear and efficient. Also, Marijuana is a ssociated to poses spiritual benefits. Normally, whatever that enlivens is perceived to be a spirit. Marijuana has been found to facilitate the search for universal core values. Together with its ability to enhance the processes of our mind plus balancing of the body, the drug also assists in the understanding of the abiding reality by enhancing an individual consciousness. However, the drug has its disadvantages. First, the drug facilitates hindrance of shorter memory such that any complex or simple tasks may be quite demanding for the addict to undertake. Similarly, drug abuses result into decayed moral behaviour among users. For example, Marijuana users can be highly involved in risky sexual behaviour such that the HIV spread will be inevitable. For students, marijuana will make learning and study hard and athletes performance maybe brought down since movements, timing or coordination will be affected is affected as well. Safe driving will also be affected since concentration, alertness, reaction time or coordination will interfere (Shohov 98). Thirdly, Combination of marijuana use and tobacco smoking will increase the risks of contracting lung diseases. Among first users, the drug can cause panic, anxiety, paranoia or feelings of Impending doom. Finally, short-term effects can also involve distortion in perception, thinking or problem solving lapses plus increased heart rate. Heart attacks are also evident among the marijuana users due to impact on the blood pressure or heart rate in addition to reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in the blood. Effects on the immune system may also reduce the ability in fighting infectious diseases or cancer. A marijuana addict may also experience anxiety, depression or personality disturbances. On pregnant women, marijuana can cause the babies born to show altered responses in visual stimuli, high pitched cries or increased tremulousness.   Lastly, long term use of marijuana can cause an addictive potential to the users. Problems Associated with marijuana Due to its illegal nature, the drug is associated with jails, courts or prison cases. Scientifically, the drug has been rated to be harmful due to its addictive value. Physiological effects are also problems linked to marijuana use which in addition entails effects on smell, taste or even sound. Distortions on depth perception can result into serious accidents when driving. The drug use has resulted to uncontrolled system in its production to guarantee consumers of a pure product through the use of doctors or pharmacist. Being an illegal product, the prices are very high causing the users to involve in criminal activities in search of good money to acquire the herb. Un-attainability caused by the high prices places the drug in the hands of the mobs, gangs or even drug lords increasing the crime rate. Legalization would mean a widespread access by the general public hence unhealthy babies will be borne due to the perceived increased consumption among mothers (Shohov 118). Health Concerns/problems Marijuana causes increased and rapid heart rate, initiating harmful irritation feelings to the respiratory airways or lungs. Cancer causing chemicals are said to be contained within the drug. Within the endocrine system, the drug triggers short term drop within the hormones responsible for development and growth (Smith 25). Similarly, sperm production is lowered among males and hormone balance is also affected, which is fully responsible in control of menstrual cycles among girls. In addition, marijuana affects the brain behavior and function since it affects the chemical balance in the brain responsible for energy, appetite, attention or normal mood. Similarly, effects are evident on the learning, memory processes concentration or forgetfulness. Lastly, marijuana has been found to cause miscarriage or still births among the pregnant women and also developmental problems to the fetus. Solutions to the problems Solutions to the problems that come by marijuana use can be achieved through legalizing the herb.   Also, public school education should be improved, investment on programs on drug treatment. Some other solutions may involve conducting and investing more time on anti-drug education within schools, encouraging more partnerships between the police and the community. In addition, increased drug interdiction efforts within the borders would also assist plus legalizing all types of drugs. Other solutions would involve revising of our common laws on the marijuana trading in order to regulate the cultivation as well as commercial aspect of the drug (Connoly 33). References Connoly, Sean. Marijuana. South Broad St, Mankato: Black Rabbit Books publishers, 2006. Smith, Sandra. Marijuana: the drug abuse prevention. Princeton, U.S.A: Rosen Pub. Group publishers, 1999. Shohov, Tatiana. Medical use of marijuana: policy, regulatory, and legal issues. London, UK: Nova Publishers, 2003.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies opens with the introduction of a small group of English boys that are marooned on an island. The plane was evacuating them from atomic war-ridden England. This is a suiting time for this novel to be written- it shows how savage even little boys can be, and that adults are no different, with their wars and cruelties. A small society is set up, but Jack starts his own rule, contrary to Ralph's leadership. The boys turn on each other, eventually killing Simon in the middle of a hunting dance, and smashing a boulder on Piggy. The choice of "young English lads" is perfect- if, perhaps, "foreign ruffians" were chosen, a stereotypical person might expect cruel and savage behavior. On the contrary, these boys were the "cream of the crop", and all it took was a little trouble on an island to turn them into killing machines. The time is one that the world is turning on each other, and the boys follow suit and turn on each other. Their society is an ironic model of the real world around them. Many countries today are turning on each other, with violent wars and cruelties. Lord of the Flies shows one that mankind must choose to stop cruelty or face destruction. Many people do not believe in violence or cruelty, unless they are in power. When humans strive for power, they get so power hungry that the power backfires. When one is in total control power, one often turns into a more savage person than that same person that is under a rule or with the absence of a ruler does. Humans were not meant to be ruled or to rule. To coexist is mankind's purpose, yet with no rule, there is often an absence of order, but with a human rule, there is always conflict in society. Society today has order, but violence is also prevalent. Near the end of the novel, many of the boys start a fire to smoke out Ralph, and that same fire gets bigger and bigger and eventually is what a ship sees and saves Ralph's life and rescues the boys. What at first was made to bring the death of Ralph later saved him. In human society, and even in the animal kingdom, violent acts may turn into a salvation. Many animals must kill one another to eat.

Vertical Occupational Mobility of Labour and Organization

Vertical Occupational mobility of labour and organizational commitment; Banking Sector of Pakistan ABSTRACT The study of my topic i. e. vertical occupational mobility of labour and Organizational commitment comes under Human Resource Management (HRM). HRM itself by its name describes that it is an approach of people working in an organization which play an important role in achieving organization’s objective. This subject area basically helps in managing workforce to acquire maximum efficiency.The Human Resources Management includes a variety of activities such as whether to use independent contractors or hire employees, recruitment, time management, workforce planning, training and development, performance appraisal etc. There are two type of labour mobility i. e. geographic and occupational mobility. Geographic mobility is defined as changes in location of workers across physical space which is further divided into two parts i. e. short distance and long distance moves.Occup ational mobility is defined as changes in location of workers across asset of jobs. This research will help managers and policy makers to know how vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment are related. This research will identify those factors which lead to vertical occupational mobility which then affects commitment of an employee with an organization. Before segmenting the labour market policy makers will have an idea before that what will be its effect to organizational commitment. STUDY OBJECTIVES 1.To test the proposition that wage gaps among employees within an organization affects task and technology of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 2. To test the proposition that job performance of an employee plays an important role in organizational development (task and technology) and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 3. To test the proposition that distributive justice affects or ganizational culture and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 4.To test the proposition that Human Capital Investments affects the organizational strategy of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 5. To test the proposition that mobility attitudes affects organizational behaviour of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 6. To test the proposition that skills of an employee affects organizational development (task and technology) of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. LITERATURE REVIEWOccupational Mobility: â€Å"Occupational mobility is defined as the fraction of currently employed individuals who report a current occupation different from their most recent previous report† by Gueorgui Kambourov and Iourii Manovskii (2004). Nachum Sicherman & Oded Galor (1990) in their research describes occupatio nal mobility as an important part of worker’s career. When a person has high experience he is likely to have occupational mobility within the organization in terms of promotion. Schooling plays an important role in upward occupational mobility.It also describes that when workers expect high probability of promotion in a firm and they are not promoted, mostly they quit the organization. Gender based Occupational Mobility Shirley Dex, Kelly Ward & Heather Joshi (2006), in their research on women’s place and their workings in labor market, indicates that downward occupational mobility of labor among women has decreased after their first child birth as compared with previous generations according to Women and Employment Survey (WES). Occupational and Geographical Labor MobilityLarry D. Schroeder. (1976) studies the interdependence between geographicaland occupational mobility using two data sets (samples). One data set is of maletaxpayers in Winconsin during the period 1947-59 which states that inter-country mobility and occupational mobility are not independent when age differences are accounted. The second data set is of 1970’s Census of Population which resulted that occupational mobility and inter-country mobility are not independent when accounted for different age and sex groups.Larry D. Schroeder. (1976) created an occupational mobility matrix by observing mobility patterns of non-movers and interstate movers of United States (observation period is five years or more), after which it was evident that occupational and geographic mobility are affiliated which each other. He further states that manpower planners must keep this relationship in mind when they project the responses to their strategies to stimulate occupational and inter-state mobility. Occupational Mobility and Wage InequalityNachum Sicherman & Oded Galor (1990) states that if a wage profile difference across individuals in a firm is found workers will change their oc cupation or quit from that specific firm. Furthermore, Gueorgui Kambourov and Iourii Manovskii (2004) in their study indicate that occupational mobility and wage inequality are interrelated. They developed a general equilibrium model which resulted that increase in occupational mobility is 90% because of the significant increase in wage inequality over the time. RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH TYPE The type of this research is applied which means to undertake investigation to acquire new knowledge.Applied research is directed mainly towards a specific practical aim. This research is not carried out just for the sake of knowledge; it will also help to solve practical problems. In this case the research identifies the factors which lead to vertical occupational mobility in commercial banks of Pakistan in relation to employees’ commitment with the bank. DATA TYPE AND REFERENCE PERIOD Data type used in this research is primary in nature. Surveys through questionnaire will be carried out in form of personal interviews which will be attached with APPENDIX.This survey will be conducted at various managerial levels in different braches of various banks. These managerial levels include branch managers, floor managers, team managers, area sales managers, relationship manager, assistant managers, operation managers, processing officers etc. The banks in which this survey will be carried out are Dubai Islamic Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN-AMRO, Faysal Bank, Muslim Commercial Bank, Bank of Punjab and Bank Alfalah Limited. The reference period of this survey will be April, 2010 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1.H0: To test the hypothesis that wage gaps among employees within an organization affects task and technology of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 1 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that wage gaps among employees within an organization affect task and technology of an organization and have significant impact on organizational com mitment (H1: ? 1 ? 0) 2. H0: To test the hypothesis that job performance of an employee plays an important role in organizational development (task and technology) and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that job performance of an employee plays an important role in organizational development (task and technology) and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 2 ? 0) 3. H0: To test the hypothesis that distributive justice affects organizational culture and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 3 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that distributive justice affects organizational culture and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 3 ? 0) 4.H0: To test the hypothesis that Human Capital Investments affects the organizational strategy of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 4 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that Human Capital Investme nts affects the organizational strategy of an organization and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 4 ? 0) 5. H0: To test the hypothesis that mobility attitudes affects organizational behaviour of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that mobility attitudes affect organizational behaviour of an organization and have significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 5 ? 0) 6.H0: To test the hypothesis that that skills of an employee affects organizational development (task and technology) of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 6 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that that skills of an employee affects organizational development (task and technology) of an organization and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? ? 0) CONCLUSION This research analyzes the relation between vertical occupational mobility and organizational co mmitment. The study will provide an additional dimension that vertical occupational mobility does not affect organizational commitment directly; organizational development is an intervening variable between them. Multiple linear regression and parametric test of significance (t-test) may be used as a tool to find out relationship between the variables i. e. vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment.If the chance of getting promoted for an employee in a bank is high he is likely to be more committed to the bank. Finally, if the working conditions (job safety, peer pressure, internal environment of bank etc) in a bank are favourable employee will be more committed to the bank. DIRECTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Due to time constraint and limited resources sample size may be small and survey will conducted in banks of Lahore only. In further research other dimensions of vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment will be discussed including the interveni ng variable between them i. . organizational development. Furthermore, survey will be carried out in all the banks of Pakistan which will enhance the result of our analysis. Future research may investigate the factors which lead to vertical occupational mobility in telecom sector of Pakistan in relation to commitment of an employee with the organization. The reason why i selected the Banks of Pakistan is, I have some personal relations with some of the employers working in banks in Pakistan. So, collecting data would not be a problem for me.References: Gueorgui Kambourov and Iourii Manovskii. 2009). Occupational Mobility and Wage Inequality. Review of Economic Studies. 76 (2), 731-759. Nachum Sicherman & Oded Galor. (1990). A Theory of Career Mobility. The Journal of Political Economy. 98 (1), 169-192. Shirley Dex, Kelly Ward & Heather Joshi. (2006). Changes in Women’s Occupations and Occupational Mobility over 25 years. Women and Employment Survey. 1 (1), 18-24. Larr y D. Schroeder. (1976). Interrelatedness of Occupational and Geographical Labor Mobility. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 29 (3), 405-413.